这几天在翻旧代码时发现以前写的注释部分有很多单词拼写错误,这些单词错得不算离谱,应该可以用工具自动纠错绝大部分。用 Python 写个拼写检查脚本很容易,如果能很好利用 aspell/ispell 这些现成的小工具就更简单了。
1、输入一个拼写错误的单词,调用 aspell -a 后得到一些候选正确单词,然后用距离编辑进一步嗮选出更精确的词。比如运行 aspell -a,输入 ‘hella’ 后得到如下结果:
hell, Helli, hello, heal, Heall, he’ll, hells, Heller, Ella, Hall, Hill, Hull, hall, heel, hill, hula, hull, Helga, Helsa, Bella, Della, Mella, Sella, fella, Halli, Hally, Hilly, Holli, Holly, hallo, hilly, holly, hullo, Hell’s, hell’s
2、什么是距离编辑(Edit-Distance,也叫 Levenshtein algorithm)呢?就是说给定一个单词,通过多次插入、删除、交换、替换单字符的操作后枚举出所有可能的正确拼写,比如输入 ‘hella’,经过多次插入、删除、交换、替换单字符的操作后变成:
‘helkla’, ‘hjlla’, ‘hylla’, ‘hellma’, ‘khella’, ‘iella’, ‘helhla’, ‘hellag’, ‘hela’, ‘vhella’, ‘hhella’, ‘hell’, ‘heglla’, ‘hvlla’, ‘hellaa’, ‘ghella’, ‘hellar’, ‘heslla’, ‘lhella’, ‘helpa’, ‘hello’, …
3、综合上面2个集合的结果,并且考虑到一些理论知识可以提高拼写检查的准确度,比如一般来说写错单词都是无意的或者误打,完全错的单词可能性很小,而且单词的第一个字母一般不会拼错。所以可以在上面集合里去掉第一个字母不符合的单词,比如:’Sella’, ‘Mella’, khella’, ‘iella’ 等,这里 VPSee 不删除单词,而把这些单词从队列里取出来放到队列最后(优先级降低),所以实在匹配不了以 h 开头的单词才去匹配那些以其他字母开头的单词。
4、程序中用到了外部工具 aspell,如何在 Python 里捕捉外部程序的输入和输出以便在 Python 程序里处理这些输入和输出呢?Python 2.4 以后引入了 subprocess 模块,可以用 subprocess.Popen 来处理。
5、Google 大牛 Peter Norvig 写了一篇 How to Write a Spelling Corrector 很值得一看,大牛就是大牛,21行 Python 就解决拼写问题,而且还不用外部工具,只需要事先读入一个词典文件。本文程序的 edits1 函数就是从牛人家那里 copy 的。
#!/usr/bin/python # A simple spell checker # written by http://www.vpsee.com import os, sys, subprocess, signal alphabet = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' def found(word, args, cwd = None, shell = True): child = subprocess.Popen(args, shell = shell, stdin = subprocess.PIPE, stdout = subprocess.PIPE, cwd = cwd, universal_newlines = True) child.stdout.readline() (stdout, stderr) = child.communicate(word) if ": " in stdout: # remove \n\n stdout = stdout.rstrip("\n") # remove left part until : left, candidates = stdout.split(": ", 1) candidates = candidates.split(", ") # making an error on the first letter of a word is less # probable, so we remove those candidates and append them # to the tail of queue, make them less priority for item in candidates: if item[0] != word[0]: candidates.remove(item) candidates.append(item) return candidates else: return None # copy from http://norvig.com/spell-correct.html def edits1(word): n = len(word) return set([word[0:i]+word[i+1:] for i in range(n)] + [word[0:i]+word[i+1]+word[i]+word[i+2:] for i in range(n-1)] + [word[0:i]+c+word[i+1:] for i in range(n) for c in alphabet] + [word[0:i]+c+word[i:] for i in range(n+1) for c in alphabet]) def correct(word): candidates1 = found(word, 'aspell -a') if not candidates1: print "no suggestion" return candidates2 = edits1(word) candidates = [] for word in candidates1: if word in candidates2: candidates.append(word) if not candidates: print "suggestion: %s" % candidates1[0] else: print "suggestion: %s" % max(candidates) def signal_handler(signal, frame): sys.exit(0) if __name__ == '__main__': signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal_handler) while True: input = raw_input() correct(input)
当然直接在程序里调用相关模块最简单了,有个叫做 PyEnchant 的库支持拼写检查,安装 PyEnchant 和 Enchant 后就可以直接在 Python 程序里 import 了:
>>> import enchant >>> d = enchant.Dict("en_US") >>> d.check("Hello") True >>> d.check("Helo") False >>> d.suggest("Helo") ['He lo', 'He-lo', 'Hello', 'Helot', 'Help', 'Halo', 'Hell', 'Held', 'Helm', 'Hero', "He'll"] >>>